نفساني - عرض مشاركة واحدة

31-08-2004, 02:46 PM

4.It is implied in the passage that
Authors who supported England did not remain in the colonies during the Revolution.
Because Thomas Paine was an Englishman, he supported England against the colonies
Franklin and Paine were the only writers to influence the Revolution
some writers in the American colonies supported England during the Revolution
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5.The pronoun he refers to
Ben Franklin
Ben Franklin's brother
Poor Richard
Thomas Paine
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6.The expression point of view could best be replaced by
Circumstance
Perspective
Sight
Trait
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7.According to the passage, the tone of Poor Richard's Almanac is
erudite
Pragmatic
scholarly
theoretical
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8.The word desperate could best be replaced by
combative
hopeless
strategic
unending
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9.Where in the passage does the author describe Thomas Paine's style of writing?
Not mentioned
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
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10.The purpose of the passage is to
describe the literary influence during revolutionary America.
discuss American literature in the first half of the eighteenth century
explain which authors supported the Revolution
give biographical data on two American writers
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4.Cooperation is the most common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task to reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual's life. The rewards of the group's work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.

While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separa نقرتين لعرض الصورة في صفحة مستقلة

y enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

1.What is the author's main purpose in the first paragraph of the passage?
To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict
To offer a brief definition of cooperation
To show the importance of group organization and attitudes
To urge readers to cooperate more often
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2.The word cherished is closest in meaning to
agreed on
defined
prized
set up
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3.The word fuse is closest in meaning to
evolve
explore
react
unite
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4.Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?
It is an ideal that can never be achieved.
It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills.
It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate.
It was confined to prehistoric times.
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5.According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?
to associate with people who have similar backgrounds
to defeat a common enemy
to experience the satisfaction of cooperation
to get rewards for themselves
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6.Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?
A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company.
Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow.
Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades.
Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party.
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7.Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?
Accommodation
Antagonistic cooperation
Latent conflict
Tertiary cooperation
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8.The word fragile in line 19 is closest in meaning to
easily broken
inefficient
involuntary
poorly planned
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9.As used throughout the passage, the term common is closest in meaning to which of the following?
Ordinary
Popular
Shared
Vulgar
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10.Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?
The author compares and contrasts two types of human relations.
The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms.
The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic.
The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion.
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